Currently, Chinese raw lacquer manufacturing accounts for 85% of the global total output value, and plentiful lacquer tree germplasm resources were available in China, such as “Dahongpao”, “Gaobachi”, “Huangmao Guizhou”, and “Hongmao Guizhou” etc. Historically, raw lacquer was traditionally produced of lacquerwares that were used as tableware and sacrificial utensils in Asian cultures ( Li et al., 2016 Ma et al., 2015). The lacquer tree is native to China and the Indian subcontinent, and it has been farmed for thousands of years in East Asian nations, such as Korea and Japan ( Fu et al., 2007 Nie et al., 2009). Like rubber trees, the lacquer tree can produce a sap called “raw lacquer” by cutting its phloem, which is an excellent adhesive and paint material with multiple properties such as anticorrosion, antirust, non-oxidation, and resistance to acid, alcohol, and high temperature. Barkley belongs to Anacardiaceae family, also known as the Chinese lacquer tree ( Wang et al., 2020a). Our work would provide crucial insights into metabolite synthesis such as urushiol and lignin, meanwhile offer a basis for further exploration of the cultivation and breeding of T. vernicifluum and other Anacardiaceae members. Furthermore, the unique active metabolites, such as butin and fisetin, in cultivar lacquers were identified by metabolism profiling. We combined multi-omics data to identify genes that encode key enzymes in the T. vernicifluum urushiol and lignin biosynthetic pathways. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the gene families related to urushiol biosynthesis were expanded, contributing to the ecological fitness and biological adaptability of the lacquer tree. Here, we generated the reference genome of T. vernicifluum at the chromosome level with 491.93 Mb in size, in which 98.26% of the assembled contigs were anchored onto 15 pseudochromosomes with the scaffold N50 of 32.97 Mb. Barkley) is an important tree with economic, industrial, and medicinal values. The lacquer tree ( Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A.
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